OPERATING SYSTEMS

OPERATING SYSTEMS

A computer system can not process the data without being programmed. A program is a collection of instructions that the computer is required to solve a certain problem. The software component of a computer is a set of programs.  

                Computer software is structured as follows:
- Application programs
- Programs System
- Utilities
- operating system
- core
- interface
a) the application programs - are used to execute particular character activities specific to a user. (Ex: Turbo Pascal, Microsoft Word)
b) system software - are used to perform common activities of computing in general. They can be used on the same family of computers, regardless of the purpose for which the user uses the computer.
System programs consist of utility programs and operating system.

Utility programs are used to perform common activities of many types of users. The operating system is a component of the structure and represents all computer programs that manage computer system resources, ensure efficient use of these resources and offer more convenient user interface how to use the computer system. They are not part of the operating system as the computer can work without them. (Ex: zippers / unzip: Rar, Arj, WinRAR, WinZip, Ace; antivirus software: Norton Antivirus, AVX, Mkafee, F-Prot, Tbav, AVP, assistance programs operating systems: Norton Commander, Dos Navigator Windows Commander).
             
The operating system is a collection of programs used to manage and control the entire computer's resources activities. He liaises between user and computer, copy the programs executable file on disk in the internal memory, execute instructions in order of these programs and communicate results.
The operating system consists of two components: core and interface.
                The nucleus contains all the necessary programs for managing computer resources and for controlling the activity of equipment and software.
                OS interface defines how the user interacts with the operating system. It provides communication between the user and the computer follows: the user transmits commands via the keyboard or computer mouse and the computer user sends messages through the monitor.
                The most widely used operating systems are MS-DOS and Windows 95/98. Other operating systems are UNIX, NOVELL, WINDOWS 3.11., Windows NT, Windows 2000 OS / 2.
                        An operating system must fulfill the following functions:
- to control program execution (internal memory to load programs, to launch them in execution and terminates them);
- to plan, coordinate and control the execution of several programs by certain criteria (execution time, priorities, etc.);
- to allocate the resources needed to execute programs;
- to perform operations input / output;
- manage file system;
- to protect against users, and protection of applications programs;
- to detect and correct errors that occur in the manufacturing process;
-to notify special events that occur during execution and treat them appropriately;
- to provide the user interface to enable its access control program, intervention in the execution of programs and examination system status;

Because the operating system kernel contains the software required to manage computer resources, it must be permanently resident in memory. But internal memory is volatile, its contents when power is lost. Because of this, at the beginning of each session working with the computer must be loaded into internal memory the operating system kernel.
When the computer starts a program called preloaded in the ROM initializes peripherals, computer configuration and identify magnetic medium that is looking to have an operating system. If found, the program loaded in the internal memory called wheel carrier is found early and it launches the execution. This program in turn loaded into RAM internal memory the operating system kernel and it launches the execution. Programs operating system will load into RAM in turn various utility programs or software application will launch and execution.
MICROSOFT
Multiprogramming processor is shared between several programs are loaded into memory at the same time. From this point of view, there are two types of operating systems: monotasking and multitasking. Monotasking operating systems (which allow working in monoprogramare) can run one program at a time.  Multitasking operating systems (which allow working in multiprogramming) can run multiple programs simultaneously. These systems are advantageous because they allow optimal use of CPU.

PS3 Emulator

PS3 Emulator

Sony reveals more deals to PS4 and PS3

Sony and especially Electronic Arts, have some promotions to all players with a PlayStation 4 or a PlayStation 3, and there is some discounts on PS Vita. But mostly in home two and mainly in the catalog Electronic Arts.

Virtually every game EA for PS3 and PS4 in digital format on PlayStation Network are now available at reduced price. From past successes as trilogies Mass Effect and Dead Space on PS3, through recent releases like Star Wars Battlefront, there are many low-priced games.

The two games in the Battlefield series on PS4 are on sale until Deadpool signals the arrival of the film with a cut in the price. The spectacular Knack insists on not to give in PlayStation Plus but can be yours with a good discount.

ean-Christophe GuyA, the creative director of Far Cry Primal, spoke about the great ambitions of Ubisoft for your game and told us that the game would be unthinkable in the PS3 and Xbox 360.

This is a technical issue, since there is a lot of animals that we can find in the game world. And with the increased power of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One will be also a higher quality visual level.

"One of the main aspects we wanted to build was a natural food chain," GuyA said in an interview with Hardcore Gamer. "Our intention was that the world Oros was wild. We wanted to increase the number of animals and create many chain reactions with animals. It is very exciting for us because the AIs collide together to create unexpected moments, especially with fire" .

"In terms of platforms, the power of new consoles enhance the visuals, as expected. In terms of game experience will be a great variety of wildlife that was not present in previous games," concluiu.Os players who choose to buy LEGO Star Wars: the Force Awakens for PlayStation 3 or PlayStation 4 will be entitled to exclusive DLC was announced by TT Games and Warner.

Dailymail

"Thanks to a strong collaboration with Lucasfilm, we were able to create new stories and new adventures that connect the story of Star Wars, both before and close to the film," said Jamie Eden, director of TT Games. "As huge fans of the series, is a tremendous honor to have this privilege."

"As part of this, we are pleased to share that the PS4 and PS3 players will have exclusive access to downloadable content in the form of a Droid Character Pack and Phantom Limb Level Pack." "We can not give too many details right now, but we can not expect people to experience it the content of the film, as well as new stories in Star Wars. The Force Awakens"

          As you probably already have had an opportunity to read this morning the Xbox.com revealed the new game before the official announcement. LEGO Star Wars: The Force Awakens will be published on June 28 and will have versions for PC, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox One, Xbox 360 and 3DS.

Airbus is building two new satellites

Airbus is building two new satellites

The company Airbus Defence & Space is building two more satellites for the European Earth observation program Copernicus. Significantly involved in the million-dollar contract is the Friedrichshafen location. Among others, the satellites will be assembled and tested at Lake Constance. 285 million euros cost the two satellites ordered it, the European Space Agency ESA. There are satellites of the Sentinel-2 series, they provide from nearly 800 kilometers above images with a resolution of up to ten meters. The first satellite of the series, Sentinel-2A, was launched six months ago into space.

The aerospace company Airbus Defence and Space (Airbus DS) announces another major order for the European Environment and Earth observation program Copernicus. As the company announced on Tuesday, was a contract worth around 285 million euros for the construction of two additional Sentinel-2 satellite with the European Space Agency.

The prime contractor is the Airbus-DS Site Friedrichshafen.
The two satellites, Sentinel-2C and Sentinel-2D are optical satellites that provide as part of the comprehensive multiple satellite system for Copernicus the observation of the environment and land masses from 2021 and to continue the analysis is already in the All Orbiter. Airbus DS in Immenstaad will lead an industry consortium of more than 50 companies from 17 European countries and the USA. The Satellite series Sentinel-2 post from its orbit at 786 km altitude optical images with a resolution of ten, 20 and 60 meters with a stripe width of 290 kilometers. The images are created in 13 spectral channels from the visible to the infrared range. Thus, it is said by the company, will afford the Copernicus program a significant contribution to meet the demand for Earth observation data in the areas of land use, water quality, agriculture and forestry, land use planning, natural disasters and humanitarian aid Sentinel-2.
WIKIPEDIA
With the help of the European Data Relay Satellite System EDRS, a sort of space data highway, the Sentinel-2 satellite will be able to pass their data at extremely high speed, and thus to ensure timely availability of information. This is especially important for services with time-critical applications and requirements, such as civil protection, severe weather preparedness, with pollution and security missions. The first satellite, Sentinel-2A, was launched in June 2015th According to Airbus, DS by him have already been more than 7,000 data items, corresponding to 35 terabytes, on the Internet for download. The user demand is immense, the company said.

The company Airbus Defence & Space builds two additional satellites for Earth observation. Involved in the million-dollar contract is the Friedrichshafen location.
 Satelleit Senitenl 2 in Oribit A model of a satellite of the Sentinel 2 series.
285 million euros cost the two satellites ordered it, the European Space Agency ESA. There are satellites of the Sentinel-2 series, they provide from nearly 800 kilometers above images with a resolution of up to ten meters. They are used for observation of the earth's surface and environment and provide data, inter alia, to land use, water quality and natural disasters.

Planning to 2021

The first satellite of the series, Sentinel-2A, was launched six months ago into space. For now commissioned satellite Sentinel-2C and D, which are to be in use from 2021, the Friedrichshafen location provides planning and backbone, as well as the satellite at Lake Constance are assembled and tested.

Planet 9

Propose the existence of the world nine in our system

Two scientists aforementioned yesterday that they finally have "good evidence" of the existence of a ninth planet to the sting of our system.

It is believed that the superior planet is sort of as massive as Neptune and orbiting the Sun billions of kilometers on the far side the orbit crosses Neptune: a ample distance that it takes between ten,000 and 20,000 years bypassed our star .

In addition, its orbit is "extravagant and extremely elongated within the distant system."

This Planet nine because the 2 scientists decision it the Calif. Institute of Technology, or Caltech, has not been detected nevertheless. The scientists based mostly their conclusions on mathematical and procedure models, and supply for his or her discovery by telescope over future 5 years or less.

Both according their studies yesterday within the Astronomical Journal as a result of they require folks to assist them buscarlo.Los Caltech researchers favor to decision it Planet nine rather than the historical term Planet X, since the latter evokes "aliens and also the at hand destruction of the planet, "according to Brown.

The professional and his colleagues say that Planet nine might are expelled throughout the first formation of the system, once four massive nuclei focused gas and fashioned Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Perhaps the world nine may be a fifth core which may have come back too near Jupiter or Saturn and being expelled to their gift and distant orbit.

Powerful telescopes are attempting to search out the world in Sep.

Postpone MISSION TO THE MOON IN RUSSIA
Russia delayed 5 years the beginning of a mission to finish its 1st manned trip to the moon thanks to the slump within the country, according yesterday the Roscosmos area agency.

According to an announcement from the agency, the start of the mission, envisaged for 2029, was delayed till a minimum of 2035.

Last Gregorian calendar month, Roscosmos had careful the mission includes a manned flight and a landing.

Moreover, Russia seeks to position on the moon station hi-tech observatory and a launch website, recalled the Spanish daily
The world.

At present, Russia is developing a replacement generation of rockets, the Angara, capable of launching up
75 a lot of load.

The first such rocket, the Angara A5, was free on twenty three Gregorian calendar month.

The project, thought of key for the Russian program has value regarding 3 billion bucks.

In addition, Russia is building a replacement cosmodrome, Votochny, settled close to the Chinese border, as a result of open in April this year with the launch of a Soyuz rocket with a satellite.
WIKIPEDIA
The launch of this website launches can scale back dependence on Russia's Baikonur Asian country.

However, Roscosmos aforementioned yesterday that budget cuts impede accelerate the launch of the Angara rockets from the Votochny station.

The Russian government cut of twenty five billion to seventeen thousand five hundred million euros (about twenty seven thousand 240-19000 seventy million dollars) allow area comes to
2025.Mercurio, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune is that the family of planets that students learn since 2006, once the final Assembly of the International Astronomical Union set that Pluto dwarf planet -now had to depart from the list, so reducing the amount of those celestial bodies 9-8.

However, this relationship will grow back planets. On Wed, astrophysicists and Konstantin Batygin Michael Brown, the Calif. Institute of Technology, printed within the journal "Astronomical Journal" proof for the existence of a replacement glacial large planet on the far side Neptune.

The object, that the researchers dubbed Planet nine would have a mass ten times that of Earth and take between ten,000 and 20,000 years to create one complete revolution round the sun.

Brown and Konstantin haven't nevertheless managed to ascertain, that is why some scientists like caution, however have given mathematical calculations that predict its existence.

Thus, their numbers purpose to the presence of a "disturbing mass" within the words of the protagonists, that affects the mechanical phenomenon of six smaller area objects. This "disturbing mass" would this planet 9.

This technique, to search out that the orbits of some bodies square measure influenced, hot and bothered by the gravity of a hidden planet, is common. In fact, Neptune was found as well: in 1843, separate French and British scientists orbiting Uranus looked "weird".

Noting that the orbits of Uranus additionally to Saturn and Jupiter, behaved with "distortion", astronomers John Couch Adams and Urbain Jean Joseph LE Verrier expected the existence of the new planet victimization simply arithmetic.

Three years later, the German Johann Gottfried Galle found Neptune.

It is not the primary time he points to the chance of a ninth planet.

José Luis Ortiz of the Institute of astronomy of geographic area (Spain), explains that long no indication of the attainable existence of 1 or perhaps many large objects on the far side Neptune (the cluster claims to possess "pretty solid" evidence).

"One issue is that there's proof, and even terribly sturdy proof, and another is that basically exists. 1st you've got to search out it then amendment the books, not before," says astronomer, adding that the article ought to Brown and Batygin revisardo I be calm before you'll be able to build an in depth assessment.

Ortiz asking to stay "scientific caution and additional investigate and explore all attainable choices to clarify the anomalies within the outer system."

For its half, National Aeronautics and Space Administration chief mortal Ellen Stofan admitted to the BBC being "somewhat skeptical". to grasp needless to say is there, direct observations ought to ensure their presence.

In any case, what will stand out is that a scientific discovery of a planet like this can be one thing of nice significance for the progress that may build to our understanding of however the system fashioned, highlights Ortiz.

One of the queries that specialists square measure asking is why there square measure that range of enormous planets -cuatro- and no additional, and why {they square measure|they're} in orbits that are, therefore finding a replacement one would facilitate give answers.

There, because the models of Nice to speak this in our system 5 massive gas planets formed; This new planet may well be the fifth, behind the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Mercedes-Benz E-Class

Secrets of the new Mercedes-Benz E-Class  

The new Mercedes-Benz E-Class was unveiled in previews official debut in Detroit in 2016. Introducing preview all the details, including the complete range of engines and design secrets.

The fifth generation of the E-Class from Mercedes-Benz raises the bar for all of its rivals, playing skillfully role limo dedicated to those who want a car semiauthonomic with expressive design, power measurement and an interior exceptionally luxurious .Noul Mercedes-Benz E-Class is clearly distinguishable from its predecessor by more generous external dimensions: wheelbase grew by 65 mm to 2939 mm up and the length has been extended by 43 mm to 4,923 mm up. The same can not be said, however, about the unladen mass. Thanks to lightweight structure, the weight will decrease significantly. Short overhangs, elongated bonnet and a profile similar to a coupe are the defining elements of the exterior design. With a drag coefficient of 0.23, the new E-Class demonstrates not only the aesthetic qualities influencing Mercedes engineers striving to reduce consumption and noise nivelulului inside.

At the onset, E-Class will be available in two engine versions E 200 with a turbocharged petrol four-cylinder E 220 d, powered by a diesel-new four-cylinder, direct injection and piezo-electric (code-named OM654). Subsequently commercial release, other models will complement the E-Class range. This will include plug-in hybrid version E 350 is a power autonomy of 30 km. Its engine turbo petrol 2.0-liter four-cylinder with an electric motor works in tandem to provide a total power of 205 kW / 279 hp and 600 Nm of torque.

Keywords new range E-Class will be the new diesel 2-liter (codenamed OM654), which comes in two versions: 110 kW / 150 hp E 200 d (will not be available in early sales) and 143 kW / 195 CP model E 220 d, with cycle NEDC combined consumption of 3.9 liters in 100 kilometers. These figures correspond to CO2 emissions of 102 grams per kilometer. During 2016 Mercedes will expand the range with a new six-cylinder petrol engine (codenamed M256) and L6 with a diesel engine (codenamed OM656). Built from scratch, these units have already entered into pilot production plant in Untertürkheim in Germany.
WIKIPEDIA
The new diesel engine with four cylinders (OM654) and new petrol engines (M256) and diesel (OM656) six-cylinder will share elements with petrol engine four-cylinder (M274), including here cylinder single 500cc on cylinder and axis distance of 90 mm between cilindrilor.În camp petrol engines, Mercedes-Benz E-Class 2017 will be offered with a wide range of four-cylinder turbo engines with power ranging between 135 and 180 kW (184-245 HP) and the aforementioned six-cylinder engine, which is expected to provide an output of 245 kW / 333 hp. All engines come with start-stop system. Petrol units meet the standards imposed by the EU 6 emissions standards, the new four-cylinder diesel engine already complies with future regulations. All models are available at launch with the new standard automatic transmission combined with 9G-Tronic nine steps.

The new E 63 AMG will make its debut in the summer of 2016 is powered by the new 4.0-liter V8 biturbo engine, offered in two versions with 600 HP for the flagship S.

Along with the standard suspension with steel springs, customers can choose from no less than three different suspension Direct Control system with selective damping: a suspension comfort, one comfortable having character sportier Avantgarde, lowered by 15 millimeters plus a sport suspension with adaptive damping highly and low ground clearance by 15 millimeters. Alternatively, the new Mercedes-Benz E-Class can be equipped with air suspension. E-Class is, moreover, the only vehicle in its segment equipped with such a suspension, entitled Air Body Control. Character Class E may be amended in five different running through the system as standard Dynamic Select: ,, Comfort "Eco ,," ,, Sport "and ,, Sport +" and ,, any additional settings. "

Inside, the seats are the main attraction. With their ergonomic shape, they combine long-distance ride comfort with sporty and vary in appearance depending on the equipment line chosen. The rear seats can be provided on request with a folding backrest into three segments (40:20:40). Center armrest includes a storage compartment and two cupholders. Optionally, the digital display can be ordered for larger signs and display multimedia system, each with a 12.3-inch diagonal. Visually, the screens merging unit under a cover of tinted glass, seeming to float the whole ensemble independently of the rest of the dashboard.

2017 Mercedes E-Class-9

For the first time, the control buttons on the steering wheel with touch technology are emerging from a vehicle series. As the screen of a smartphone, they respond to horizontal or vertical sliding motion. So they allow control of the multimedia system via drag your finger movements. In addition, the driver can use the touchpad and buttons on the center console classic, recognizing handwriting.

            Standard E-Class versions will receive traditional analog instrument cluster and a central multimedia screen of 8.4 inches.

Obviously limo will not remain alone for long, because the new range E-Class will reunite next version Limousine (March 2016), a combi (mid 2016), a coupe (March 2017) and one convertible (September 2017).